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TE Lesson: Many Paths

Students explore the composition and practical application of parallel circuitry, compared to series circuitry. Students design and build parallel circuits and investigate their characteristics, and apply Ohm's law.

Engineers have developed a very complicated circuit — called an integrated circuit — that combines thousands to millions of parallel and series circuits working together. One type of integrated circuit that works as a complete computation engine is a microprocessor, known as a central processing unit or a CPU. Microprocessors are essential in automobiles, video games, smoke detectors, DVD players, garage-door openers, cordless phones, clocks and calculators.

Summary
Pre-Req Knowledge
Learning Objectives
Introduction/Motivation
Background
Vocabulary
Associated Activities
Lesson Closure
Assessment
Extensions
References

Grade Level: 4 (3-5)	Lesson #: 6 of 6
Time Required: 50 minutes	Lesson Dependency : One Path
Keywords: circuit, parallel circuit, circuit diagram, electricity, voltage, resistance, electric power

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Colorado Math
- 1. reproduce, extend, create, and describe patterns and sequences using a variety of materials (for example, beans, toothpicks, pattern blocks, calculators, unifix cubes, colored tiles); (Grades 0 - 4) [2005]
Colorado Science
- Standard 5: Students know and understand interrelationships among science, technology, and human activity and how they can affect the world. (Grades 0 - 12) [1995]
- 2.2 Students know that energy appears in different forms, and can move (be transferred) and change (be transformed). (Grades 0 - 12) [1995]
- 2.3 Students understand that interactions can produce changes in a system, although the total quantities of matter and energy remain unchanged. (Grades 0 - 12) [1995]

After this lesson, students should be able to:

Distinguish between series and parallel parts of a circuit.
Describe how current changes in a parallel circuit when a light bulb is removed from or added to the circuit.
Describe how current changes when batteries are added in parallel or removed from a parallel arrangement.
Recognize that the total current remains the same throughout a circuit (e.g., current in a series section is split at a node to a parallel connection, but the total current remains the same before and after the node).
Understand that when batteries are connected in parallel, the voltage across the terminals remains the same.
Understand that when light bulbs are connected in parallel, the total resistance of the circuit decreases.
Understand that chemical energy in a battery is converted to electrical energy in a circuit, which is converted to thermal energy and light in a light bulb.
Describe the connections among representations of circuit symbols.
Draw series circuits using symbols.
Recognize that electrical engineers, materials scientists/engineers, mechanical engineers, and physicists contribute to the development of electronic technologies.

Ask students to raise their hands if they have ever used a videogame, a remote control (for a television or other electronic device) or a keyboard. Ask if any of them ever had just one button or key stop working, while the rest of the videogame controller, remote control or keyboard continued to work. What is occurring electronically that causes this to happen? How can only one button be broken but the rest of the controller still work?

Ask the students if they have ever walked into a room that has multiple lights and they only turned on one. Remind students of the in series circuits they built previously. When one light bulb was taken out of the circuit, an open circuit was created and the electrons could not flow to light the other bulbs. Now ask them, how is it possible that you can turn on one light in a room, and it will work, yet you did not have to turn on all of the other lights?

Explain to students that these two examples use parallel circuits. Engineers connect things in parallel, so if one circuit part breaks the rest of the circuit still works.

Ask for three volunteers. Assign one volunteer to be the "battery" and two as 'light bulbs." (It may help to draw the appropriate symbols on pieces of paper and tape them to their shirts.) Have the students physically portray a series circuit by holding hands in a circle. Then have the students portray a parallel circuit by having the light bulbs and battery stand facing one direction with their arms touching the elbows of the person in front of them.

A very complicated circuit that combines thousands to millions of parallel and series circuits working together is called an integrated circuit (see Figure 1). A microprocessor, known as a central processing unit or a CPU, is a type of integrated circuit that works as a complete computation engine. These days, an average U.S. home has about 40 of these microprocessors in addition to the 10 or so in a typical personal computer alone. Microprocessors are in automobiles, video games, smoke detectors, DVD players, garage-door openers, cordless phones, clocks, and calculators. They are even being implanted in animals as an electronic identity tag.

On the left, a circuit diagram of a simple parallel circuit containing a battery, two light bulbs, a switch and wire linking the components. On the right, a magnified view of an integrated circuit. In the background of the photograph, the circuit board is light green, the wires are black and a shadow of the integrated circuit can be seen in the middle.

Figure 1. A circuit diagram of a simple parallel circuit (left) and an integrated circuit (right).
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Parallel Circuits

A parallel circuit and its corresponding circuit diagram are shown in Figure 2. Since there is more than one path for charge to flow as it moves through the circuit, the current is divided between the two bulbs. Therefore, the current is the same before the bulbs (at the node; intersection of two wires) and after the bulbs (at the node; intersection of two wires), but is divided at the bulbs. In other words, the total current in the circuit is equal to the sum of the currents in the parallel portions. Note, that if the bulbs have the same resistance the current is divided equally among them. On the other hand, if the bulbs have different resistances, the bulb with greater resistance has less current. The total resistance of the circuit decreases if the number of parallel paths increases. The voltage drop across each part of a parallel circuit is the same because each part is connected across the same two points.

Figure 2. A series circuit (left) and the corresponding circuit diagram (right).
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When batteries are linked in parallel, the total current produced increases. For example, if we made a circuit using three 1.5 V batteries in parallel as the voltage source, the total voltage provided by the battery bank would still be 1.5 V. However, the current would be three times that of a single 1.5 V battery. Remember that the amount of current in the circuit depends on the resistances of the devices in the circuit. When an engineer designs a device, like a portable CD player, s/he decides how many batteries are needed in parallel to provide enough current.

Electricity in the Home

When you plug an appliance into a wall outlet in your home, you are adding a parallel branch to a circuit that goes all the way to your local power plant. Connected to the wall outlets are two wires called lines; one line is called the live wire, while the other is the neutral wire. These lines supply alternating current (AC) at 110-120 V. Often, a third contact in a wall outlet is a ground wire. The ground wire is connected directly to the earth to direct current into the ground if the live wire accidentally touches metal on an appliance. This prevents anyone touching the appliance from receiving an electric shock. Of course, the appliance must be connected to the ground wire, either with an adaptor or a three-prong plug. Engineers are responsible for making appliances safe to use; proper grounding is an import design consideration.

Electric Power

Whenever there is current in a circuit, electrical energy is being used to do some type of work and electrical energy is being transformed into another type of energy. This work might be turning the blades of a fan, lighting a room, or heating food. The rate at which this work is done by a charge in a circuit is electric power. Electric power is also the rate at which electrical energy is used, therefore, Power = Energy / Time. The electric power consumed by an appliance is P = I * V, where P is the electric power, I is the current in the appliance in amperes [A], and V is the voltage of the appliance in volts [V]. Therefore, electric power is expressed in watts (W), where 1 W = 1 A * V. The cost of electrical energy is given in cents per kilowatt-hour (kWh), where 1 kWh = 1000 Wh (Watt hour). A kilowatt-hour is the amount of electrical energy used in one hour at a rate of 1 kW. Designing appliances that consume power efficiently is an important objective for engineers.

Bulbs & Batteries Side by Side - Students build and modify a parallel circuit, learning more about Ohm's law.

Have students suggest examples of devices that contain computer chips; write the item names on the board. (Possible answers: Microwave oven, answering machine, car, DVD player, etc.) Then, draw a circuit with several components on the board (see Figure 3 for an example sketch). Ask the class to identify which components of the circuit are connected in series and which are connected in parallel

A circuit diagram with two light bulbs connected in series at the top of the circuit and another two light bulbs connected in series at the bottom of the circuit. In the middle of the circuit there are three light bulbs connected in parallel.

Figure 3. A circuit diagram composed of numerous series and parallel circuits (left), and the series and parallel components of the circuit identified (right).
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Next, draw on the board a circuit diagram as seen in Figure 4. Use Ohm's law (I = V / R) to compare the current in three bulbs, each with increasing resistance connected in a parallel arrangement. (Answer: See Figure 4 calculations. Current is greatest in the bulb with the least resistance and least in the bulb with the greatest resistance.) Ask what happens to the voltage when batteries are connected in parallel? (Answer: The voltage across the terminals stays the same.)

A circuit diagram shows three light bulbs arranged in parallel, with given light bulb resistances (left to right) of 2Ω, 5 Ω and 10 Ω.

Figure 4. A parallel circuit composed of three light bulbs with increasing resistances (left), and Ohm's Law calculations to determine each bulb's current (right).
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Pre-Lesson Assessment

Discussion Questions: Ask the students and discuss as a class:

With what type of circuit would you want your house or video game wired, and why? (Answer: Students will probably recall the lesson on series circuit and explain how that type of circuit works. Discuss the pros and cons of series circuits.)
If you remove one bulb from a series circuit with three bulbs, the circuit will be a(n) ____________ circuit. Open or closed? (Answer: Open.)
What happens to the other bulbs in a series circuit if one bulb burns out? (Answer: They all go out.)
When batteries are connected in series, the voltage across them ____________. Increases, decreases, or stays the same? (Answer: Increases to the total summative value of the battery voltage.)

Post-Introduction Assessment

Question/Answer: Ask the students questions and have them raise their hands to respond. Write answers on the board

How is it possible that you can turn on one light in a room, and it works, without you having to turn on all of the other lights? (Answer: The wiring in a house is a parallel circuit.)
What is the name for a very complicated circuit that combines thousands to millions of parallel and series circuits working together? (Answer: An integrated circuit or microprocessor.)

Lesson Summary Assessment

Numbered Heads: Divide the class into teams of three to five. Have the students on each team number off so each member has a different number. Ask the students questions (give them a time frame for solving each, if desired). The members of each team should work together to answer the questions. Everyone on the team must know the answer. Call a number at random. Students with that number should raise their hands to give the answer. If not all students with that number raise their hands, allow the teams to work a little longer. Ask the students:

If you remove one bulb from a parallel circuit with three bulbs in parallel, the circuit becomes a(n) ____________ circuit. Open or closed? (Answer: Closed.)
What happens to the other bulbs in a parallel circuit if one bulb burns out? (Answer: They stay lit.)
When bulbs are connected in parallel, the total resistance is ____________ the resistance of one bulb. Less than, greater than or the same as? (Answer: Less than.)
When batteries are connected in parallel, the voltage across them ____________. Increases, decreases or stays the same? (Answer: Stays the same.)
Draw a circuit diagram of a parallel circuit with two batteries in parallel and two light bulbs in parallel.

Drawing Race: Write the circuit symbols on the board (see Figure 5). Divide the class into teams of four, having each team member number off so each has a different number, one through four. Call a number and have students with that number race to the board to draw the correct circuit diagram. Give a point to the team whose teammate first finishes the drawing correctly. Ask the students to draw circuit diagrams of the following:

A circuit with one battery and two light bulbs in parallel.
A circuit with three batteries in parallel and two light bulbs in parallel.
A circuit with two batteries in parallel, one resistor and one light bulb.
A circuit with one battery, one switch and three light bulbs in parallel.
A circuit with one battery, one switch and two resistors in parallel.
A circuit with one battery, one switch and one light bulb and resistor in parallel.
A circuit with three batteries in parallel and one fuse.
A circuit with two batteries in parallel and one light bulb in parallel with a light bulb and resistor.

A table showing the circuit diagram symbols for wire, resistor, light bulb, battery, fuse and switch.

Figure 5. A selection of representational circuit diagram symbols.
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Class Presentation: Working in groups of two to four, have students give a class presentation in which they dynamically act out the concepts they learned in the unit. Encourage role-playing and creativity.

Have the students act out the scenario of an electrical engineer who has just invented a new toy using series or parallel (or combination of both) circuits. Other players can be consumers, patent officials, neighbors, other engineers, etc. Each scenario must include a description of the circuit and how it works, as well as a drawing of the circuit on the board.

Have students investigate the history of the computer industry and the integrated circuit. They can prepare posters and presentations on key inventions and the engineers and researchers who played important roles in the development of microchips and microprocessors.

Microchips are being increasingly used in devices, for example, in clothing irons that automatically shut themselves off, and toasters that detect perfectly browned toast. Have the students all the home appliances that they can think of that have a microchip. Microchips are in dishwashers, washing machines and dryers, televisions, microwave ovens, automobiles, VCRs, DVD players, satellite dish receivers, remote controls, video games, cameras, camcorders, smoke detectors, garage-door openers, cordless phones, mobile phones, fax machines, telescopes, GPS receivers, radios, keyboards, MP3 players, tape decks, stereos, clocks, calculators, printers, scanners, PDAs and animal identity tags.

Integrated Teaching and Learning Program, College of Engineering, University of Colorado at Boulder Xochitl Zamora Thompson, Sabre Duren, Daria Kotys-Schwartz, Malinda Schaefer Zarske, Denise Carlson © 2004 by Regents of the University of Colorado.
The contents of this digital library curriculum were developed under a grant from the Fund for the Improvement of Postsecondary Education (FIPSE), U.S. Department of Education and National Science Foundation GK-12 grant no. 0226322. However, these contents do not necessarily represent the policies of the Department of Education or National Science Foundation, and you should not assume endorsement by the federal government.

Last Modified: April 27, 2006